Important to know
Vaccines Vaccines
• definition
• vaccine Vaccine is a microbe that causes the disease, or part of it, and after that weaken or kill him. And lead vaccine effect in the formation of antibodies after several months, but the effect lasts for a long time, may be lifelong. The process of giving the vaccine intent to acquire immunity against the disease, are called "vaccination" or "vaccination" Vaccination
• types of vaccines
a. Live vaccines
• are vaccines that contain microbes or viruses, live, but weakened and Oahnh so as not to cause any diseases to humans, but only stimulates the immune system. Examples include: measles vaccine for measles, and tuberculosis vaccine BCG, polio vaccine and Sabin, who may be given by mouth in the form of points.
• B. Non-living vaccines
• are vaccines that contain dead microbes, or parts of them, such as whooping cough vaccine, and the Salk polio vaccine children, and who may be given by intramuscular injection, rather than oral.
• c. Toxoid Toxoid
Are vaccines that contain the toxins the bacteria, converted to toxoid is harmless, such as diphtheria toxoid Diphtheria Toxoid, and tetanus toxoid Tetanus Tox
Vaccines are divided into several divisions, but the old division: basic, and non-core, is the most common
• a. Basic vaccines "compulsory"
• so named because most of the countries of the world made it compulsory for children, and is given free of charge, and criminalizes and punishes those who do not give her. They include the following:
• 1- tuberculosis BCG.
2. Children Poliomyelitis paralysis.
3. Tri-bacterial "Aldftiraa- Altetanos- whooping cough." D.P.T.
4. hepatitis b. Hepatitis B
5-measles Measles.
6. triple viral "Alhsbh- German-measles mumps" MMR
• vaccines non-core "additional"
• This group of vaccines not be given mandatory in all countries, but is given in accordance with specific vaccine to the circumstances; as well as by the economic conditions of different countries. Some vaccines have been moved from this group, turned into a compulsory vaccination, such as Alheimovils flu vaccine for Haemophilus Influenza B (HIB) in Almottagdmh.binma countries in the developing world is not compulsory, the high price.
• include non-core vaccines, the following diseases:
• 1 Alheimovils flu Haemophilus Influenza B.
2. Hepatitis A Hepatitis A.
3. chickenpox Chicken Pox.
4. influenza virus Influenza Vaccine.
5. Typhoid Typhoid.
6. Meningitis Meningitis.
7. Cholera Cholera.
8. yellow fever Yellow Lever.
9. bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumocsccal Vaccine.
10. Anthrax Anthrax.
11. Plague Plague.
12. Dog Rabies disease.
13. rotavirus Rota virus.
•
BCG
Vaccine tuberculosis (TB)
Bacillus - Calmette - Guerin vaccine
• vaccine against tuberculosis (pulmonary and non-pulmonary)
• vaccine effectiveness 80%
• The vaccine consists of bacilli Kalimat Guerin BCG
Where it has to address these bacilli to become so weak that generate immunity in the human body without causing disease by the immune system identify these bacilli
• tuberculosis vaccine BCG containing the microbe debilitating dryer cooling. Before giving it, it must be diluted, mitigation solution, immediately before use. And the vaccine loses its effectiveness quickly after dilution, for the remaining executed him after 6 hours at most, or at the end of the session.
• possible to save the BCG vaccine at a temperature (2-8 m) safe (can be frozen for the purpose of storage for a long time)
• Do not freeze bottles of solvent (distilled water) at all
• vaccine saves at the top of the vertical temperature in the refrigerator (+ 2-8) ° C and vice versa in the refrigerator horizontal
• Omar deal
• given in the first week of birth, in most countries, or during the first three months of birth. It can not be given after year,
• Omar deal
• given in the first week of birth, in most countries, or during the first three months of birth. It can not be given after year,
• The purpose of the use of the vaccine is not to prevent the disease, but to prevent serious complications that can occur when a child injured during the first year of life of tuberculosis, which include:
• cerebral meningitis Altdrna
• lung inflammation miliary Altdrna
• When bypass the old first year, there is no benefit of BCG vaccination because the purpose of vaccination is to prevent serious complications of tuberculosis disease in the first year of life.
• dose and the way
• 0.05 milliliter (oo) in the skin, for newborn babies.
The vaccine is injected into the skin layers, above the shoulder muscle, because this place has less contact with the lymphatic system, and then does not cause any damage or serious complications. To ensure injection in the layers of the skin, not under the skin, should be available the following conditions:
• (1) should not exceed the age of the angle between the needle and the surface of the body, about 15 degrees.
(2) the existence of resistance during injection.
(3) the emergence of swelling after injection dose directly.
• interactions
• It has three types of interactions:
(1) natural interaction
• happens if the child gave the correct dose of the vaccine, within the layers of the skin, and the syringe was sterile, as the bacteria multiply tuberculosis vaccine BCG very slowly, and shows a small tumor appears after injection remains 30 minutes and then disappears
• two weeks after a small tumor mushy red color appears, a drop of about 10 Mellimitr (the head of a pencil as non-tapering) in the subject of vaccination; stay for two weeks and then disappear
• After a period of between two to three weeks, the tumor turns into a small abscess, and become a diameter ulcer about 1 cm, and then healed ulcers on their own, leaving a scar diameter of about 5 Mellimitr, and this scar useful because it is a sign that the child has received the vaccine.
• (2) strong interaction
• In some cases, severe inflammation topical happen, or abscess deeper. And sometimes swollen lymph nodes, located near the facility or in the armpit. This happens because the
• 1- entered injection under the skin, to too much by mistake,
• 2-or because of giving a greater dose than they should,
• 3-or because the syringe was not sterile.
If the reaction remained topically, you do not need any treatment only put dry gauze. If formed a large ulcer, or swollen lymph nodes, the child presented to the doctor because it may be in need of medicines for TB treatment just like tuberculosis patient, and for a period of up to 3 months.
• (3) Early interaction
• If the child has some immunity from previous infection with tuberculosis, the red swelling appears before two weeks, and this means that the child had received BCG vaccination before, or that he had injured himself tuberculosis disease for some time. In case of doubt in the child's infection with tuberculosis, are required to consult a doctor.
• verification of the presence of BCG scar
• must check for swelling, or sore, or scar, at the site of inoculation, when you visit the doctor, following the visit to give the child a vaccine BCG. I found the scar, it means that the vaccine has been successful. And if there is no scar, you must repeat the dose after at least three months, from the previous dose. And it can not be returned after the first year of life.
• Complications
• (1) inflation in the lymph nodes under the armpit.
(2) An abscess cool Cold Abscess, place of administration of the vaccine.
(3) occurrence of cutaneous fistula place to give the vaccine.
(4) wound abscess or fistula sometimes leads to a large scar, skin deformation view on the arm.
• 5-inflammation of the bone
6. General infections appear more rare (5 cases / 1 million), especially in children living with HIV or severe immune deficiency
The vaccine is not given to:
• People who have positive results for the tuberculin test.
-alochkas Who take immune drugs.
-almassabon With HIV.
Since there are no previous cases, there is no contraindications
Complications
• (1) inflation in the lymph nodes under the armpit.
(2) An abscess cool Cold Abscess, place of administration of the vaccine.
(3) occurrence of cutaneous fistula place to give the vaccine.
(4) wound abscess or fistula sometimes leads to a large scar, skin deformation view on the arm.
• 5-inflammation of the bone
• 6- General infections appear more rare (5 cases / 1 million), especially in children living with HIV or severe immune deficiency
DTP
The oral polio vaccine
oral polio vaccine
• disease of the nervous system and causes paralysis often lower sides
• disease disappeared from most states (except Afghanistan -backstan-South Sudan, Nigeria)
• transmission of the virus through the mouth
• Polio
• causes: the wild virus (squirrel) WILD 1-2-3 type
• disease on its way to eradication
• The only way to prevent disease is vaccine
• types of vaccine
• -IPV in 1955, making polio vaccine intramuscular (Salk).
• 2-OPV in 1960 to make oral polio vaccine (Sabin
• For oral polio vaccine (OPV) vaccine is more effective to use 95%
• (economic-over of immunity community-easy use-)
• has no side effects: less than 1% suffer from headache -ashal-sore muscles
• mollusk paralysis from the vaccine (VAPP) 2-4 /
1000000• Children living with HIV are given a vaccine IPV
• vaccine saves at the top of the vertical temperature in the refrigerator
• (+2) - (+ 8) ° C and vice versa in the refrigerator any horizontal bottom of the refrigerator
• pollinate all the kids and there are no contraindications for vaccinations, for example, diarrhea, coughing, met, etc.)
The vaccine is not given to: -
• HIV
• cancer and its treatment (chemical-ray)
• close contacts of those diseases
• eradication strategy
• 1-routine immunization with polio vaccine with 6 doses increase the coverage rate to 90%
• 2-days national immunization SIAs
• 3-monitoring cases of acute paralysis mollusk
• 4-scan and disinfect MOPPING UP
• national campaigns for vaccination
• spring and autumn round (each with two rounds of their one-month interval)
• All children under 5 years
• Regardless of the position Altgayha
• There is no risk of taking extra doses of polio vaccine
•
Hepatitis vaccine Alvairose pattern b
Hepatitis-B Vaccine
- Hepatitis B Alvairose Nmt-
Transmission
1-blood and blood products and other fluids,
2. from the mother to the fetus during delivery,
3. sexual contact
The vaccine: a (d n .. A). Recycled genetically (DND) (baker's yeast)
What is the vaccine
•: hazy liquid, when the recession for a long period precipitates is shown in the form of granules soft sand bottom of the bottle, so you should jolt before use to take shape Blur
• type of vaccine
• unilateral (MONOVALENT)
The quintet (PENTAVALENT
Saves the vaccine at the bottom of the vertical temperature in the refrigerator (2-8) ° C
And vice versa in the refrigerator any horizontal at the top of the refrigerator to avoid taking into account the horizontal and placed near the refrigerator condenser because it is sensitive to Congelation
• The vaccine must be given the first dose within 24 hours of birth and for the purpose of getting rid of hepatitis Alvairose signing the disease from an infected mother
• vaccine stores 2-8 degree temperature
• Balandjemad damage as well as damage the high temperature
• You must use the shaking test to see that the vaccine is exposed to damage or not
• side effects
• hepatitis B vaccine Alvairose almost more vaccine safe (does not cause side effects)
• Pain - hrqh-redness swelling in 5% of children vaccinated
• mild fever for a day or two days in 6% of children vaccinated
• rash, suffocation, rare shock 1 / 600,000
• Do not given the vaccine liver Alvairose pattern b in the same place for the triple vaccine (why ????)
• have their muscle
• vaccine liver senior
• given to private groups (medical and health personnel-some groups of patients such as those with kidney disease, blood and washing-barbers and midwives Almodhunat
• Mlamsin given to patients
• have their muscle in the upper arm
• date potions 0-1-6 month
Neonatal tetanus
Tetanus neonatorum
• severe illness and often fatal because of the toxins the bacteria (clostridia Titani) and the patient is characterized by hardening of the year and structural stiffening of the muscles of the body with a nervous convulsions (epileptic) seizures. Bacteria Claustaradia found in the soil, out of human gut, horses, chickens, dogs, cats, pigs, sheep and cows and the seriousness of these diseases as they enter the human body through wounds proliferate and secrete a poison that causes the symptoms of the disease, which often ends with death for someone who does not have immunity against the disease.
Tetanus toxoid vaccine for tetanus toxoid
The vaccine: a tetanus toxoid which is the result of the treatment of tetanus poison substance formaldehyde.
• saves the vaccine degree 2-8 °
• damage Balandjemad
• You must use the shaking test the vaccine in case of doubt
• Store in a refrigerator down the vertical and horizontal top of the refrigerator
• Prevention of neonatal tetanus disease: -
• 1.ttaam all women of childbearing age with at least three doses of the vaccine tetanus toxoid that does not exceed the period between pregnancy third dose of more than five years, therefore we emphasize the receipt of the women for five doses of tetanus toxoid, according to timings and thereby guarantee provide protection for more than five ten years.
• 2. vaccinate pregnant women with two doses during the first pregnancy if they were not fertilized before marriage where the first dose in the fourth month of pregnancy, the second dose a month later that complement the table after childbirth as the first dose does not provide protection for children newborn The second dose The availability protection for not more than three years from the date of the second dose and dose C after birth and give protection for a period of five years and a dose four in the years after the third dose is given protection for a period of ten years
• The dosage and fifth year of the fourth dose gives protection for more than fifteen years.
• 3. ensure security and clean the birth of the expectant mother in the hospital under the supervision of a medical angel coach with emphasis on: -
• a. Born to be clean and sterile lounge.
• B. All tools used during the examination of the pregnant or birth sterile.
• c. Cut the umbilical cord device which sterile.
• Dr. And attention to clean the umbilical cord of the baby through the umbilical scan and the skin around the navel medical alcohol only until the fall of the remnants of the umbilical cord care.
• e. Emphasis on the need for parents not to put any item on the navel of the child where she usually put some communities as a solution or substance Alzergiwn or henna or even animal feces on the child's family and therefore it significantly lead to contamination of the umbilical Bmkurat tetanus.
• Health 4.altthagev family the subject of vaccination during pregnancy, the mother continued to complete vaccinations tetanus vaccination schedule as well as the newborn child with all vaccines, especially the triple vaccine which contains tetanus toxoid.
• saves the vaccine at the bottom of the vertical temperature in the refrigerator (+ 2-8) ° C and vice versa in the refrigerator horizontal
• There are situations we face in dealing with pregnant women as if come pregnant for the second time or third and have already vaccinated in the previous pregnancy but did not complete the vaccination Bmeidha in that case series are dealt with as follows taking into account the general rule of vaccinations, a potions sequence and the interval between doses
• In the case of a card Tgayha the reviewing prove the number of potions are continuing from the last dose, for example, were given two doses of tetanus toxoid vaccine in the first pregnancy are giving it third dose be given a date after the age of four o'clock another dose, age dose the fifth session.
• In the absence of Tgayha card in pregnant are calculated potions the least number of potions and means in case of doubt between the pregnant woman was given in pregnancy former doses or three are treated as received two doses and dose is given three or that suspicion among it were given three or four doses are treated as received three doses.
• In the absence of Tgayha card and there is no confirm the number of potions Almseltmh there is no harm in re-vaccination any start of first dose note that the vaccine tetanus toxoid vaccines that the immune system is an excellent deal with any in the case of the first dose at any time and passed a year or more in a dose two o'clock, the immune system will respond well to dose two o'clock even if months ago on the schedule, but not forget the fact that the first dose are not given immunity and the second and third dose gives protection for a limited period of years
DTP
DPT
DPT includes:
• 1- Diphtheria Diphtheria
• 2-Tetanus Tetanus
• 3-whooping cough (pertussis) Pertussis
• Diphtheria: a disease of the respiratory tract (the membrane) -kulb- nervous system
• Tetanus: lead to convulsions and death of a child
• Whooping cough: cough -amadaafat-pneumonia and brain damage
• In 1923 making diphtheria vaccine
In 1926 making pertussis vaccine
• 1- Diphtheria Diphtheria toxoid (bacterial toxins)
• 2-Tetanus Tetanus toxoid (bacterial toxins)
• 3-Pertussis Pertussis whole cell murdered
• The vaccine is a liquid
• If a long period remained stagnate vaccine (vaccine isolated from the fluid in the form of soft sand bottom of the package) must therefore be shaking before use
Balandjemad damage the vaccine should therefore be a test men
The vaccine saves degree 2-8 ° C
Saves the vaccine at the bottom of the vertical temperature in the refrigerator (+ 2-8) ° C and vice versa in the refrigerator no higher horizontal refrigerator.
You must use the freezing index
You must know how to conduct a test men
• The vaccine is given 0.5 CC in the left thigh muscle from the front side brutal and deeply into the muscle to avoid the effects of a substance aluminum added to the vaccine to increase the immune effect of the vaccine as the vaccine superficially glaucoma will lead to a swelling of the vaccination area
• Side Effects
• slightly
• 1-mild fever in the evening (half of the children vaccinated) can give Barracatol, fever disappear within 24 hours but if that lasted more than 24 hours, it is not because of the last of the vaccine
• 2- pain -ahmrar-swelling in the place of glaucoma
• 3-cry more than 3 hours, often because of the pain (1%)
• 4-epilepsy 1/12500 dose because of a rare fever
• Contraindications vaccination triple vaccine.
• vascular shock (a severe reaction) to a previous dose of the triple vaccine.
• symptoms of encephalopathy, such as loss of consciousness or deterioration in the level of awareness with regurgitation or the emergence of other neurological symptoms such as convulsions are not the result of other causes.
• In some cases the doctor to decide when to give the DPT vaccine may cause neurological symptoms of the child, the complete table Altgayha be using the vaccine for young duo DT and which contains vaccines against tetanus and diphtheria only without the pertussis vaccine.
• vaccine effectiveness after three doses 90%
• booster is given first because of the vulnerability of the child and be more and more contact with play
• For the same reasons given anabolic second
• glaucoma way DPT (muscle) left thigh
•
Individual measles vaccine
Measles
• the causative agent of the disease
• Paramyxovirus measles virus
• Virus is variable has several types of genetic genotype
• single serotype
• with 23 genotypes
• The vaccine is against all the existing species
• Host: only human
Transmission of the disease through the respiratory tract and mucous Alafrazat
Incubation period: 10-12 days of exposure to the disease to the emergence of a fever and a period of 14 days from exposure until the appearance of the rash
• infection period: Highly infectious highly contagious four days before the onset of the rash to four days after the rash appears
- Ro for measles = 12.5 - 18.0 (transmission rate = 12.5-18 case
- Household attack rates 75 - 90% rate of transmission of the disease in the family = 75-90%
• But in the case of the vaccine virus is not transmitted
Immune disease
• Before the advent of the vaccine: all regions of the world become equally
• babies generally have immunity from the mother up to the age of 5-9 months (but the disease occurs and the proportion of high-gravity)
• immunity that comes after the disease is lifelong
• immunity that comes after the vaccine be for a period of 20 years and a lifetime for most people
• After the introduction of the vaccine proportion of the disease began to recede
• But outbreaks occur from time to time due to the cumulative increase for children at risk
• This increase is due to: -
• 1- the presence of non-vaccinated children
• 2- and having children vaccinated, but vaccination failure
• measles vaccine 12-month-old efficiency ratio of 95%
• measles vaccine 9 month old efficiency ratio of 85%
• measles vaccine the age of 6 months effective rate of 60%
• 70884 × 0.90 × 0.85 = 54226
• 16657 × 4 = 66 630 years the number of children non-immune
• the number of children has become a non-immune equal to the number of an entire generation in this case preferably work vaccine campaign (follow up) every four years, and when coverage to less than 60% prefer to work for a vaccine campaign ( follow up) every 2 years
Individual measles vaccine
• the first time enters the vaccine in 1963
• Moraten strain in America
• Schwartz strain in other countries
• perfect formation begins immunity after a period of 6-8 weeks from the disease or the vaccine
• vaccine schedule 9 months - 15 months - 4-6 years
• If given a nine month before the vaccine must be returned in the ninth month
Warning give the vaccine
• -Can give the vaccine in the case of a cold fever Alkhvevh- -ashal
• If severe illness and high fever vaccine should be delayed to improve the situation of children
• malnutrition diseases the vaccine should be given to them.
• The vaccine can be given in the case of egg allergy.
• Do not may be given the vaccine in the case of the sensitivity of the measles vaccine in the past or mixed measles.
• Do not may be given the vaccine in the event of a sensitivity to Naomaysn.
• Do not may be given the vaccine for AIDS patients and those suffering from HIV (the patients who take steroid treatment and cancer patients).
side effects
