Hypothalamic part of the brain of humans
appetite regulation by ghrelin and leptin
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is the main target of ghrelin and leptin. Ghrelin is a peripheral orexigenic signal secreted from the stomach, whereas leptin is a peripheral anorexigenic signal secreted from adipose tissue. In the arcuate nucleus, ghrelin stimulates neurons expressing neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide, and leptin suppresses them. Neuropeptide Y released in response to ghrelin stimulates appetite and increases body weight. Appetite regulation in the hypothalamus is, therefore, controlled through the neuropeptide Y signaling pathway. The effects of leptin are opposite to those of ghrelin; leptin decreases neuropeptide Y release to suppress appetite and body weight.
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